Investigation of dielectric constant variations for Malaysians soil species towards its natural background dose

The correlation of natural background gamma radiation and real part of the complex relative permittivity (dielectric constant) for various species Malaysian soils was investigated in this research. The sampling sites were chosen randomly according to soils groups that consist of sedentary, alluvial and miscellaneous soil which covered the area of Batu Pahat, Kluang and Johor Bahru, Johor state of Malaysia. There are 11 types of Malaysian soil species that have been studied; namely Peat, Linau-Sedu, Selangor-Kangkong, Kranji, Telemong- Akob-Local Alluvium, Holyrood-Lunas, Batu Anam-Melaka- Tavy, Harimau Tampoi, Kulai- Yong Peng, Rengam-Jerangau, and Steepland soils. In-situ exposure rates of each soil species were measured by using portable gamma survey meter and ex-situ analysis of real part of relative permittivity was performed by using DAK (Dielectric Assessment Kit assist by network analyser). Results revealed that the highest and the lowest background dose rate were 94 ±26.28 μR hr-1 and 7 ±0.67 μR hr-1 contributed by Rengam Jerangau and Peat soil species respectively. Meanwhile, dielectric constant measurement, it was performed in the range of frequency between 100 MHz to 3 GHz. The measurements of each soils species dielectric constant are in the range of 1 to 3. At the lower frequencies in the range of 100 MHz to 600 MHz, it was observed that the dielectric constant for each soil species fluctuated and inconsistent. But it remained consistent in plateau form of signal at higher frequency at range above 600 MHz. From the comparison of dielectric properties of each soil at above 600 MHz of frequency, it was found that Rengam-Jerangau soil species give the highest reading and followed by Selangor-Kangkong species. The average dielectric measurement for both Selangor-Kangkong and Rengam-Jerangau soil species are 2.34 and 2.35 respectively. Meanwhile, peat soil species exhibits the lowest dielectric measurement of 1.83. It can be clearly seen that the pattern of dielectric measurement for every soil at the frequency above 600 MHz demonstrated a specific distribution which can be classified into two main regions which are higher and lower between the ranges of 1.83 to 2.35. Pearson correlation analysis between the frequency of 100 MHz and 2.6 GHz with respect to exposure rate for every soil species was r = 0.38 and r = 0.51, respectively. This indicates that there was no strong correlation between both parameter, natural background dose and soils dielectric for each soils sample. This factor could be contributed by major and minor elements contained in each soils sample species, especially Ferum, Fe and Silica, Si

Investigation of dielectric constant variations for Malaysians soil species towards its natural background dose

The correlation of natural background gamma radiation and real part of the complex relative permittivity (dielectric constant) for various species Malaysian soils was investigated in this research. The sampling sites were chosen randomly according to soils groups that consist of sedentary, alluvial and miscellaneous soil which covered the area of Batu Pahat, Kluang and Johor Bahru, Johor state of Malaysia. There are 11 types of Malaysian soil species that have been studied; namely Peat, Linau-Sedu, Selangor-Kangkong, Kranji, Telemong�Akob-Local Alluvium, Holyrood-Lunas, Batu Anam-Melaka- Tavy, Harimau Tampoi, Kulai�Yong Peng, Rengam-Jerangau, and Steepland soils. In-situ exposure rates of each soil species were measured by using portable gamma survey meter and ex-situ analysis of real part of relative permittivity was performed by using DAK (Dielectric Assessment Kit assist by network analyser). Results revealed that the highest and the lowest background dose rate were 94 ±26.28 μR hr-1 and 7 ±0.67 μR hr-1 contributed by Rengam Jerangau and Peat soil species respectively. Meanwhile, dielectric constant measurement, it was performed in the range of frequency between 100 MHz to 3 GHz. The measurements of each soils species dielectric constant are in the range of 1 to 3. At the lower frequencies in the range of 100 MHz to 600 MHz, it was observed that the dielectric constant for each soil species fluctuated and inconsistent. But it remained consistent in plateau form of signal at higher frequency at range above 600 MHz. From the comparison of dielectric properties of each soil at above 600 MHz of frequency, it was found that Rengam-Jerangau soil species give the highest reading and followed by Selangor-Kangkong species. The average dielectric measurement for both Selangor-Kangkong and Rengam-Jerangau soil species are 2.34 and 2.35 respectively. Meanwhile, peat soil species exhibits the lowest dielectric measurement of 1.83. It can be clearly seen that the pattern of dielectric measurement for every soil at the frequency above 600 MHz demonstrated a specific distribution which can be classified into two main regions which are higher and lower between the ranges of 1.83 to 2.35. Pearson correlation analysis between the frequency of 100 MHz and 2.6 GHz with respect to exposure rate for every soil species was r = 0.38 and r = 0.51, respectively. This indicates that there was no strong correlation between both parameter, natural background dose and soils dielectric for each soils sample. This factor could be contributed by major and minor elements contained in each soils sample species, especially Ferum, Fe and Silica, Si

The investigation of soil dielectric influence towards terrestrial background radiation

A study on correlation between terrestrial radiation and dielectric property of various soil species in Johor state, Malaysia were investigated in this research. Total 11 soil species were randomly selected around Batu Pahat, Kluang and Johor Bahru. The soil species identified were Kranji, Linau-Sedu, Selangor-Kangkong, Peat, Telemong-Akob, Holyrood-Lunas, Batu Anam-Melaka-Tavy, Rengam-Jerangau, Kulai–Yong Peng and Steepland soils. All the samples were dried, grinded and sieve into fine powder for the elemental compositions and dielectric properties measurement. The correlation between terrestrial radiation and dielectric property of soils were measured statistically to measure the significance between each parameter study. Prior to that, terrestrial gamma radiation was found in Rengam Jerangau has the highest average reading of exposure dosage (97.33 ± 40.27 μR hr -1) while the Peat soil gives the lowest reading of (7.67 ± 1.15 μR hr -1). This was due to the differences in geological formation for Rengam Jerangau and Peat. For SEM/EDX, the average major atomic percentages found in each soil type are Si, Al, and C, while Fe and K are only minor. In addition, the 238U, 232Th and 40K concentrations were determined using HPGe and it was found that the majority of these three elements existed in Rengam Jerangau and Steepland based on the results of radionuclides and concentration activities. While for the dielectric property, all the samples soil was measured using Dielectric Assessment Kit (DAK) between frequencies 100 MHz to 3 GHz. Selangor Kangkong soil dominated the higher value of complex permittivity (2.6-4.5) and the lowest was found in Peat (1.5 -2.5). While for dielectric constant, Selangor Kangkong ‘B’ led the higher value of dielectric constant and the lowest still belonged to Peat soil. In conclusion, correlation was achieved by using Pearson's correlation and hypothesis testing, which states that there was no significant evidence based on r-value was below 0.5 and p-value exceed the significant level 0.05. It indicates that there was a no relationship between the natural background radiation and the dielectric properties of the soil

Attenuated total reflectance – Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis for O-H, C-H and C-O functional group in major carrier solvents of raw e-cigarette liquids (PG and VG)

Electronic cigarette (EC) is a battery powered device capable to convert liquid into vapour was invented as an alternative to conventional smoker's device. The liquid (e-liquid) in EC commonly contains carrier solvents, flavourings, and nicotine. The main carrier solvents such as propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerine (VG) are known as the primary ingredient in the e-liquid. This study focused on the functional group for the main ingredient of e-liquids, PG, and VG. To achieve the objective of the study, Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used. The fitting process for PG and VG infrared spectra was performed using Origin 9 software. The analysis revealed that PG and VG mainly contained with O-H, C-H, and C-O groups, and its FTIR signal appeared at 3302 cm-1, 3268 cm-1, 2877 cm-1,1036 cm-1, and 1028 cm-1 of wavenumber, respectively. In this case, the hydroxyl or free radical compounds, O-H, C-H, and C-O, could contribute a great potential of harm to human health. In this context, O-H can lead to multiple diseases such as respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease. In addition, C-H in vapour form can cause damage to the kidney or liver organ. In conclusion, all functional groups could be contributing to hazardous and toxicity effect towards human body system. Therefore, exceeding inhalation above the limitations limit recommended of these chemical compounds in PG and VG subsequently will affect the e-cigarettes smokers' health

Investigation of dielectric constant variations for Malaysians soil species towards its natural background dose

The correlation of natural background gamma radiation and real part of the complex relative permittivity (dielectric constant) for various species Malaysian soils was investigated in this research. The sampling sites were chosen randomly according to soils groups that consist of sedentary, alluvial and miscellaneous soil which covered the area of Batu Pahat, Kluang and Johor Bahru, Johor state of Malaysia. There are 11 types of Malaysian soil species that have been studied; namely Peat, Linau-Sedu, Selangor-Kangkong, Kranji, Telemong-Akob-Local Alluvium, Holyrood-Lunas, Batu Anam-Melaka-Tavy, Harimau Tampoi, Kulai-Yong Peng, Rengam-Jerangau, and Steepland soils. In-situ exposure rates of each soil species were measured by using portable gamma survey meter and ex-situ analysis of real part of relative permittivity was performed by using DAK (Dielectric Assessment Kit assist by network analyser). Results revealed that the highest and the lowest background dose rate were 94 26.28 μR hr-1 and 7 0.67 μR hr-1 contributed by Rengam Jerangau and Peat soil species respectively. Meanwhile, dielectric constant measurement, it was performed in the range of frequency between 100 MHz to 3 GHz. The measurements of each soils species dielectric constant are in the range of 1 to 3. At the lower frequencies in the range of 100 MHz to 600 MHz, it was observed that the dielectric constant for each soil species fluctuated and inconsistent. But it remained consistent in plateau form of signal at higher frequency at range above 600 MHz. From the comparison of dielectric properties of each soil at above 600 MHz of frequency, it was found that Rengam-Jerangau soil species give the highest reading and followed by Selangor-Kangkong species. The average dielectric measurement for both Selangor-Kangkong and Rengam-Jerangau soil species are 2.34 and 2.35 respectively. Meanwhile, peat soil species exhibits the lowest dielectric measurement of 1.83. It can be clearly seen that the pattern of dielectric measurement for every soil at the frequency above 600 MHz demonstrated a specific distribution which can be classified into two main regions which are higher and lower between the ranges of 1.83 to 2.35. Pearson correlation analysis between the frequency of 100 MHz and 2.6 GHz with respect to exposure rate for every soil species was r = 0.38 and r = 0.51, respectively. This indicates that there was no strong correlation between both parameter, natural background dose and soils dielectric for each soils sample. This factor could be contributed by major and minor elements contained in each soils sample species, especially Ferum, Fe and Silica, Si